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Q1. Which gas is most plentiful in the air?
Comprehensive Description
The Earth’s atmosphere is a huge blanket of gases surrounding our planet. Among all the gases present in the air, Nitrogen is the most abundant gas, making up about 78% of the atmosphere. This means that almost four-fifths of the air we breathe is nitrogen.
Nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, and non-reactive gas. It is very important for life because it is a major component of proteins and DNA in living organisms. However, humans and animals cannot directly use nitrogen from the atmosphere. Plants obtain nitrogen through the nitrogen cycle with the help of soil bacteria and lightning.
The atmosphere also contains oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, water vapor, and traces of other gases. Oxygen, though extremely important for breathing, makes up only about 21% of the atmosphere.
Composition of Earth’s Atmosphere
- Nitrogen (N₂) → 78%
- Oxygen (O₂) → 21%
- Argon → 0.93%
- Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) → 0.04%
- Other gases → Very small amounts
Options Analysis
A) Oxygen
Oxygen is essential for respiration and combustion, but it is the second most abundant gas in the atmosphere, not the first.
B) Nitrogen
The Correct Answer. Nitrogen forms the largest portion of Earth’s atmosphere and plays a major role in the nitrogen cycle.
C) Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is important for photosynthesis but exists only in a very small percentage in the air.
D) Hydrogen
Hydrogen is the lightest gas but is not found in large amounts in Earth’s atmosphere.
Key Points to Remember
- Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere.
- Atmospheric nitrogen is represented as N₂.
- Oxygen is the second most abundant gas.
- Nitrogen helps in plant growth through the nitrogen cycle.
- Scientists discovered nitrogen in 1772.
Real-Life Example
When farmers add fertilizers to fields, they often contain nitrogen compounds because plants require nitrogen for healthy growth and crop production.
Q2. Who was the daughter of Sultan Iltutmish?
Comprehensive Description
Razia Sultan was the daughter of Sultan Iltutmish and one of the most remarkable rulers in Indian history. She became the first and only woman ruler of the Delhi Sultanate.
Iltutmish belonged to the Slave (Mamluk) Dynasty and ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1211 to 1236 CE. Among all his children, he considered Razia the most capable and intelligent. Because of her leadership qualities, administrative ability, and education, Iltutmish nominated her as his successor.
After Iltutmish’s death, Razia Sultan ascended the throne in 1236 CE. At a time when society strongly opposed female rulers, Razia proved herself to be brave, intelligent, and capable. She dressed like a ruler, led armies, held court meetings, and tried to strengthen the Sultanate.
Although her reign lasted only a few years, she remains an important symbol of women’s leadership in Indian history.
Historical Background
- Slave/Mamluk Dynasty → First dynasty of Delhi Sultanate
- Founder → Qutubuddin Aibak
- Important Rulers → Iltutmish, Razia Sultan, Balban
Options Analysis
A) Nur Jahan
Nur Jahan was the wife of Mughal Emperor Jahangir and lived much later during the Mughal period.
B) Razia Sultan
The Correct Answer. She was the daughter of Iltutmish and the first female ruler of Delhi Sultanate.
C) Mumtaz Mahal
Mumtaz Mahal was the wife of Shah Jahan and is associated with the Taj Mahal.
D) Chand Bibi
Chand Bibi was a brave queen of the Deccan region, not related to Iltutmish.
Key Points to Remember
- Razia Sultan ruled from 1236–1240 CE.
- She was the first Muslim woman ruler of India.
- Iltutmish selected her because of her talent and intelligence.
- She belonged to the Slave Dynasty.
- She is remembered for her courage and administrative skill.
Real-Life Importance
Razia Sultan is often remembered as a symbol of women empowerment because she broke social barriers and ruled in a male-dominated medieval society.
Q3. What is the full form of MLA?
Comprehensive Description
The full form of MLA is Member of Legislative Assembly. An MLA is an elected representative chosen by the people of a constituency to represent them in the State Legislative Assembly.
India follows a democratic system where citizens elect their representatives through elections. Every state has a Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha), and the members elected to it are called MLAs.
The main work of an MLA is to raise public issues, make laws for the state, discuss development projects, and represent the needs of the people in the assembly. MLAs also help in solving local problems related to roads, electricity, schools, hospitals, and water supply.
The Chief Minister of a state is generally selected from among the elected MLAs.
Structure of State Government
- Governor → Constitutional Head of State
- Chief Minister → Real executive head
- MLAs → Elected representatives in Legislative Assembly
Options Analysis
A) Member of Law Authority
This is not the correct expansion of MLA.
B) Member of Legislative Assembly
The Correct Answer. MLAs are elected representatives in state legislatures.
C) Main Legal Advisor
This term is unrelated to legislative assemblies.
D) Member of Local Association
This is not an official political designation.
Key Points to Remember
- MLA stands for Member of Legislative Assembly.
- MLAs are elected by citizens through state elections.
- They represent a constituency in the Vidhan Sabha.
- Their term is usually 5 years.
- The Chief Minister is generally chosen from among MLAs.
Real-Life Example
If people in a village or city area face issues like poor roads or lack of water supply, they can approach their MLA to raise the matter in the state assembly.
Q4. Molten magma cools down and becomes solid rocks, these are called?
Comprehensive Description
When molten magma from inside the Earth cools and solidifies, it forms Igneous Rocks. These are considered the oldest and primary rocks on Earth because other rock types are formed from them over time.
Magma is extremely hot molten material present beneath the Earth’s surface. When volcanic eruptions occur, magma comes out as lava. As this molten material cools, it hardens into solid rock.
Igneous rocks are divided into two main types:
- Intrusive Igneous Rocks → Formed when magma cools slowly beneath the Earth’s surface. Example: Granite.
- Extrusive Igneous Rocks → Formed when lava cools quickly on the Earth’s surface. Example: Basalt.
These rocks are generally hard, crystalline, and resistant to weathering.
Rock Cycle Overview
- Igneous Rocks → Formed from magma/lava
- Sedimentary Rocks → Formed by deposition of sediments
- Metamorphic Rocks → Formed by heat and pressure
Options Analysis
A) Igneous rocks
The Correct Answer. These rocks form from cooled magma or lava.
B) Sedimentary rocks
These are formed from layers of sediments deposited over time.
C) Metamorphic rocks
These rocks are formed when existing rocks change due to heat and pressure.
D) Sandstones
Sandstone is a type of sedimentary rock, not magma-based rock.
Key Points to Remember
- Igneous rocks are also called primary rocks.
- Granite and basalt are common igneous rocks.
- Intrusive rocks cool slowly beneath the Earth.
- Extrusive rocks cool quickly on the surface.
- These rocks are important sources of minerals.
Real-Life Example
Many famous buildings and monuments use granite, an igneous rock, because it is strong and durable.
Q5. Who wrote the autobiography ‘Joothan’?
Comprehensive Description
The famous autobiography “Joothan” was written by Omprakash Valmiki, an important Dalit writer and social thinker in Hindi literature.
“Joothan” is one of the most powerful autobiographies in modern Indian literature. In this book, Omprakash Valmiki described the discrimination, untouchability, poverty, and social injustice faced by Dalit communities in Indian society.
The title “Joothan” refers to leftover food eaten by poor and oppressed communities, symbolizing humiliation and caste discrimination. Through simple yet emotional language, the author shared his childhood struggles, educational difficulties, and social experiences.
This autobiography became an important voice in Dalit literature and helped society understand the harsh realities of caste-based discrimination.
Importance of Dalit Literature
Dalit literature highlights:
- Social inequality
- Untouchability
- Human rights struggles
- Equality and dignity
It aims to create awareness and inspire social reform.
Options Analysis
A) B.R. Ambedkar
Dr. Ambedkar was a great social reformer and architect of the Indian Constitution, but he did not write “Joothan.”
B) Omprakash Valmiki
The Correct Answer. He wrote the autobiography “Joothan.”
C) Jyotiba Phule
Jyotiba Phule was a social reformer known for fighting caste discrimination and promoting education.
D) Kanshi Ram
Kanshi Ram was a political leader and founder of the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP).
Key Points to Remember
- “Joothan” is an autobiography.
- Written by Omprakash Valmiki.
- It is an important work of Dalit literature.
- The book discusses caste discrimination and social injustice.
- It is widely studied in literature and social science courses.
Real-Life Importance
“Joothan” helped bring attention to the struggles of marginalized communities and encouraged discussions about equality, dignity, and social justice in India.