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Q1. The highest peak in the Eastern Ghats is?
Comprehensive Description
Mahendragiri is the highest peak of the Eastern Ghats. It is located in the Gajapati district of Odisha near the border of Andhra Pradesh. The height of Mahendragiri Peak is approximately 1,501 meters above sea level.
The Eastern Ghats are a discontinuous range of mountains running parallel to the eastern coast of India. Unlike the Western Ghats, the Eastern Ghats are broken and irregular because many rivers such as the Godavari, Krishna, and Mahanadi cut through them.
Mahendragiri is not only geographically important but also holds religious and mythological significance. According to Hindu mythology, it is associated with Lord Parashurama and the epic Mahabharata.
The region around Mahendragiri is rich in biodiversity and contains many medicinal plants, forests, and wildlife species.
Important Facts About Eastern Ghats
- Stretch along the eastern coast of India
- Pass through Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka
- Lower and discontinuous compared to Western Ghats
- Rivers cut across the ranges
Options Analysis
A) Anai Mudi
Anai Mudi is the highest peak of the Western Ghats, located in Kerala.
B) Mahendragiri
The Correct Answer. It is the highest peak in the Eastern Ghats.
C) Kanchenjunga
Kanchenjunga is the highest mountain peak in India, located in the Himalayas.
D) Khasi
Khasi Hills are located in Meghalaya but are not the highest peak of the Eastern Ghats.
Key Points to Remember
- Mahendragiri is located in Odisha.
- It is the highest peak of the Eastern Ghats.
- Eastern Ghats are older than the Himalayas.
- The Eastern Ghats are discontinuous mountain ranges.
- Many important rivers flow through them.
Real-Life Importance
The forests of the Eastern Ghats help maintain ecological balance and support biodiversity, agriculture, and local tribal communities.
Q2. What was the ‘Tithe’ in 18th century France?
Comprehensive Description
In 18th century France, the “Tithe” was a tax collected by the Church from the common people. It was one of the major burdens faced by peasants before the French Revolution.
French society at that time was divided into three estates:
- First Estate → Clergy (Church officials)
- Second Estate → Nobility
- Third Estate → Common people
The Church collected the Tithe mainly from peasants and farmers. Usually, people had to give around one-tenth of their agricultural produce to the Church. This tax increased the suffering of ordinary people who were already paying heavy taxes to the king and feudal lords.
The unfair tax system and social inequality became major causes of the French Revolution in 1789.
Social Structure of France Before Revolution
- Clergy → Enjoyed privileges and collected taxes
- Nobility → Owned land and enjoyed special rights
- Common People → Paid most taxes and suffered economically
Options Analysis
A) A tax levied by the Church
The Correct Answer. The Tithe was collected by the Church from peasants.
B) A tax paid directly to the state
This referred to state taxes, not the Church tax.
C) A noble title
Tithe was not a title or rank.
D) A type of weapon
It had no connection with warfare or weapons.
Key Points to Remember
- Tithe was a Church tax in France.
- Peasants usually paid one-tenth of produce.
- It was collected before the French Revolution.
- The tax system was highly unequal.
- Social injustice led to public anger and revolution.
Real-Life Importance
The issue of unfair taxation in France teaches how economic inequality and exploitation can create large social and political movements.
Q3. Nelson Mandela remained in prison for how many years?
Comprehensive Description
Nelson Mandela remained in prison for 27 years during South Africa’s struggle against apartheid.
Mandela was a great leader, anti-apartheid revolutionary, and social reformer who fought against racial discrimination in South Africa. Apartheid was a system in which Black people faced severe discrimination and were denied basic rights by the white minority government.
Because of his political activities and protests against apartheid, Mandela was arrested in 1962 and later sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964.
He spent most of his prison life at Robben Island under harsh conditions. Despite being imprisoned for decades, Mandela continued to inspire millions of people around the world with his message of equality, peace, and justice.
After his release in 1990, he played a major role in ending apartheid and became the first Black President of South Africa in 1994.
Major Events in Mandela’s Life
- Arrested → 1962
- Sentenced to life imprisonment → 1964
- Released from prison → 1990
- Became President → 1994
Options Analysis
A) 20 years
Mandela remained imprisoned for longer than 20 years.
B) 27 years
The Correct Answer. He spent 27 years in prison.
C) 30 years
This exceeds the actual duration of imprisonment.
D) 15 years
This is much shorter than the correct period.
Key Points to Remember
- Nelson Mandela fought against apartheid.
- He spent 27 years in prison.
- He became South Africa’s first Black President.
- Mandela received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.
- He is remembered as a symbol of peace and equality.
Real-Life Importance
Mandela’s life teaches the values of patience, forgiveness, human rights, and the importance of fighting peacefully against injustice.
Q4. Which of the following is a Kharif crop?
Comprehensive Description
Maize is a Kharif crop grown mainly during the rainy season in India. Kharif crops are sown with the beginning of the monsoon and harvested after the rainy season.
In India, agriculture is broadly divided into Kharif and Rabi cropping seasons.
Kharif crops are generally sown between June and July and harvested between September and October. These crops require warm temperatures and plenty of rainfall for proper growth.
Important Kharif crops include:
- Rice
- Maize
- Cotton
- Jowar
- Bajra
- Soybean
Maize is an important cereal crop used for food, animal feed, and industrial purposes. It is cultivated widely in states such as Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh.
Difference Between Kharif and Rabi Crops
Kharif Crops
- Sown during monsoon
- Need more rainfall
- Examples → Rice, Maize, Cotton
Rabi Crops
- Sown in winter
- Require cooler climate
- Examples → Wheat, Gram, Mustard
Options Analysis
A) Wheat
Wheat is a Rabi crop grown during winter.
B) Gram
Gram is also a Rabi crop.
C) Maize
The Correct Answer. Maize is a major Kharif crop.
D) Mustard
Mustard is mainly grown during the Rabi season.
Key Points to Remember
- Kharif crops depend on monsoon rainfall.
- Maize is an important cereal crop.
- Rice is the major Kharif crop in India.
- Rabi crops are grown during winter.
- India has multiple cropping seasons due to climatic diversity.
Real-Life Importance
Kharif crops are extremely important for India’s food security because monsoon rainfall directly affects agricultural production and farmers’ income.
Q5. A landmass bounded by sea on three sides is referred to as?
Comprehensive Description
A landmass surrounded by water on three sides and connected to the mainland on one side is called a Peninsula.
Peninsulas are important geographical features found across the world. Since they are surrounded by water on most sides, they usually have long coastlines and favorable conditions for trade, fishing, and ports.
India itself is a classic example of a peninsula because it is surrounded by:
- Arabian Sea on the west
- Bay of Bengal on the east
- Indian Ocean on the south
Peninsulas often have strategic importance because they provide access to sea routes and maritime trade.
Major Peninsulas of the World
- Indian Peninsula
- Arabian Peninsula
- Iberian Peninsula
- Scandinavian Peninsula
Options Analysis
A) Coast
A coast is simply the area where land meets the sea.
B) Island
An island is completely surrounded by water on all sides.
C) Peninsula
The Correct Answer. A peninsula is surrounded by water on three sides.
D) Isthmus
An isthmus is a narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas.
Key Points to Remember
- Peninsula means “almost an island.”
- India is a peninsula.
- Peninsulas are surrounded by water on three sides.
- They are important for ports and trade.
- Arabian Peninsula is the largest peninsula in the world.
Real-Life Importance
Peninsulas often become important trade and transportation centers because they provide easy access to sea routes and international commerce.